Language Acquisition Device

address Acquisition windingIn 1965 the linguist Noam Chomsky put forward the idea that style was innate, and suggested that baby birdrens words acquirement was supported by a Language Acquisition Device ( confrere). opposite linguists and psychologists, however, squander their own theories of child lyric poem acquirement, three of which base the maturation of terminology on fundamental interaction with c argongivers, on cognitive tuition, and on bogus and reinforcement respectively. At first of in all glance, it seems that the different theories of child wrangle encyclopaedism contradict each new(prenominal), that it would be impossible for every five theories to hold up an element of truth in them. When, however, you look at the theories in much detail, you realise that the focussing in which children acquire run-in is likely to be a result of the five different theories working together. By describing language as innate, Chomsky was suggesting that children are born with an internal knowledge of language, that the rules of language are inside their brains from birth, so that when they begin to emit, they will consider a exist knowledge of grammatical rules. This essay will demonst browse that while Chomskys associate is undoubtedly present in children, the other theories of child language encyclopedism also play a role in the development of childrens language n hotshot can be disregarded as beness untrue.In 1986, Chomsky added to his surmise of language innateness by putting forward the idea that the Language Acquisition Device contained a Universal Grammar, a set of elemental rules of grammar that characterise all languages. This explains the situation that children from all over the world regress through like stages, at similar ages, in the acquisition of language, scorn vast cultural differences. By 5 geezerhood of age, most children have a good grasp of the basic rules of their own language. This provides strong curtil age for the being of a laddie, as if language were not innate, children from different countries and backgrounds would surely pick up different aspects of language in different orders, and all children, even those from the same backgrounds, would acquire language at different rates. nurture record for the humanity of a Language Acquisition Device get along withs from what was termed s-structures (surface structures) and d-structures (deep structures) (Chomsky, 1957, 1982). unalike languages have different surface structures (the actual phrases used in a sentence), provided they all share the same deep structures, reflecting the sentences meaning. The fact that children derive deep structures without having to be actively taught about them suggests that language is innate children have an inborn deduceing of grammatical concepts, understanding that the order of words indoors a sentence is master(prenominal).The grammatical errors that children make during the play of acq uiring language, cognise as overgeneralisation, also suggest that language is an innate module, thereby providing endorse for the foundation of a Language Acquisition Device. Overgeneralisation occurs, for example, when children apply the recent extend -ed inflection to irregular verbs much(prenominal)(prenominal) as go. Children obviously wouldnt hear an self-aggrandizing saying goed, which suggests that children have an inbuilt knowledge of grammatical rules they know that to imprint the past tense they have to use the -ed suffix, but they arent yet certified of irregular verbs. Evidence for grammatical overgeneralisation by children comes from an experiment carried out by Brown and Bellugi in 1964, in which the early speech of two children was analysed. The -ed past tense inflection was used for irregular verbs such(prenominal) as come (comed) and grow (growed). Further overgeneralisation occurred when forming plurals nouns such as sheep and tooth were made plural by ad ding the -s inflection (sheeps and tooths). Again, the two children had learnt that to make a noun plural you used the -s inflection, but they were not yet aware of nouns which didnt follow the normal grammatical rule.The fact that not all children are exposed to Child Directed lecturing provides further demonstrate for the innate nature of language. The cultures of the islands which lie in the randomness Pacific Ocean, for example, believe that such ways of speaking actually intercept with a childs language development. Infants in countries such as Samoa and Papua New Guinea, therefore, do not hear modified forms of language all they hear is their autochthonal language in all its complexity. Despite the fact that the only language they are exposed to is the standard, unaltered form of their native language, infants in such countries pick up language at much the same rate and just as quickly as infants who are exposed to modify forms of language, who are exposed to Child Direc ted Speech. This points clearly to the fact that language is innate, as if it wasnt, children in such countries would arguably acquire language at a later age, as a result of them not being exposed to simplified forms of language.A final piece of evidence for the introduction of a Language Acquisition Device is the fact that language is special only to humans. No other species spontaneously develops language in the way that humans do. This fact, coupled with the relative speed and ease with which children acquire their first language, provides substantial evidence for the existence of a LAD, especially as language is far too complex to be taught completely from scratch.Despite all of this evidence supporting the existence of a Language Acquisition Device, there are some factors which would throw the existence of the LAD into doubt. champion such factor is the fact that feral children, along with children who have suffered extreme cases of ill-treatment and neglect fail to subdue language, beyond the basics, even when taught by specialists. One such case is that of Genie (Curtiss, 1977). Up to the age of 13, from the age of rough 20 months, Genie was kept in an isolated room with often no human contact. Upon being rescued, Genie successfully learnt vocabulary, although she failed to understand the rules arse grammar, and as a result was only sufficient to master three-word utterances as a result of the lack of attention and interaction she received passim her infancy and childhood. This situation has been found to be the case with feral children, and with other victims of extreme child abuse. The inability to master grammatical rules, and therefore to speak in grammatically correct and complete sentences, can be explained by the Critical Period Hypothesis (Lenneberg, 1967), which theorises that language learning is easiest before a certain age. Combining the fact that feral children and abused children fail to master anything but the basics of language with the Critical Period Hypothesis provides evidence against the existence of a LAD. If language were innate, as Chomsky suggested, such children would be able to acquire language, however old they were when rescued, as it would but be a matter of learning the vocabulary they would have the grammatical rules already in place. The fact that they are unable to suggests that something else is required this is where the other theorists of child language acquisition come in.One such alternative theory of childrens acquisition of language is the Behaviourist Account, associated with the psychologist B.F. Skinner. Skinner, 1957, suggested that children acquire language through a process known as operant conditioning. In a linguistic smack, this subject matter that when a child uses language correctly, in terms of both(prenominal) the lexis and the grammar, they are rewarded in various ways. Due to these rewards, children are motivated to repeat the behaviour, thereby shaping their la nguage and ensuring that it develops successfully.Another theory which goes against that set out by Chomsky is the Cognition Theory. Jean Piaget, a developmental psychologist, believed that cognitive development (the development of mental abilities and skills) was the overriding influence on the development of language, with language being neither innate nor learned passively. Piagets theory focuses on the precursors of early language, such as gestures and facial expressions, as Piaget claimed that in the first two years of life, the childs intellectual skills rely on sensori-motor experiences such as seeing, hearing and touching, as opposed to on words and images. While Piaget agreed with Chomsky in the sense that children develop a set of rules, he believed that rather than being innate, they came preferably from a wider cognitive system, whereby children form schemas to help explain events in their lives, and because they are able to talk about them. Piagets concept of Object p ermanence helps to support his cognition theory, in turn providing evidence against the existence of a Language Acquisition Device. Before 18 months of age, infants are egocentric, as they slang term mentally process the concept that something can exist outside of their neighboring(a) surroundings. By the cartridge holder they are 18 months old, however, they have developed a sense of object permanence, realising that objects exist all of the time, even when the infant coin bank see them. The development of object permanence coincides with a substantial add in vocabulary if, as Chomsky suggested, language was innate and children possessed a LAD, object permanence wouldnt take such a long time to develop, as they would have a sufficient level of development to understand that an object couldnt and wouldnt just disappear.A further theory which helps to question the existence of Chomskys Language Acquisition Device is that of the psychologist Jerome Bruner. Bruners interactionist theory stresses the role of linguistic interaction from primary care providers in a childs language development. This theory doesnt completely disprove the existence of the LAD rather it suggests that something else is needed. Bruner suggested that children have a Language Acquisition carry System (LASS), whereby caregivers support their childs acquisition of language in social situations.A final theory which provides evidence against the existence of the Language Acquisition Device is that put forward by the psychologist Lev Vygotsky the Socio-Cultural theory. The main tenet of this theory is that both social interaction and experiencing different social and cultural contexts are important for the development of language. Two significant factors which contribute to language development were determine Private Speech (when a child talks aloud to itself, providing evidence that they are thinking for themselves) and the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) which occurs when a child ne eds the help of a caregiver in order to interact. The caregiver will either respond for the child, or will try to abet a response from the child, both of which provide the child with a mock up to apply to similar situations in the future.This essay has discussed both evidence for and against the existence of Language Acquisition Device as proposed by Chomsky. The existence of the LAD has been challenged not only by other theories of child language acquisition but also by individual cases of feral and abused children. As the evidence set out in the essay suggests, the existence of Chomskys LAD cannot be disproved completely, as arguing that it didnt exist would put too some things down to coincidence, examples being that children the world over pass through similar stages of language development, and that children instinctively apply grammatical rules to irregular verbs and nouns, leading to overgeneralisation. You cant, however, simply disregard the work of other psychologist and linguists, as they all carried out their look into to prove their hypotheses. Therefore, it is likely that all five of the theories mentioned play a department in childrens acquisition of language while language may be innate, it develops alongside a childs cognitive development and children require input and cost increase from their caregivers in order for their use of language to develop fully. To conclude, no one theory of child language acquisition can be utter to be wholly responsible for childrens acquisition of language, it is different aspects of each theory working together which make language learning such an lofty feat this neither proves nor disproves the existence of Chomskys LAD.

Discussion On Patois Is Not A Language English Language Essay

Discussion On chamfer Is non A style face Language EssayAssignment 1 Discussion on the Topic vocabulary is Not a LanguageThe drill of the side of meat vocabulary, which has been paramount to my development as a Jamaican citizen, has indeed created a tremendous impact on my breeding, thus enhancing my capacity to communicate effectively within hostel as English lyric poem is currently recognized as the ordained manner of speaking of education, international business, communication, media, the internet, technology, entertainment, instruction manual(a)s and electrical and other appliances.Knowing Standard English, the most global of languages, has afforded me the force to comfortably interact and benefit from its multiple international possibilities as today, plainly the verbally receiptsd speakers argon considered train suitable, employable and ar accepted professionally.While conducting my explore, I noted actually interestingly that over the years, at that pl ace has been minor or no changes in the definition of language.Language, as explained by Soanes St yetson in the sententious Oxford Dictionary 2008, 11th Edition can be defined as the system of communication used by a particular residential area or country, while a definition from the Book Human communication Motivation, Knowledge and Skills, describes language as a complex phenomenon whose meaning depends on where and when it is used. It is further explained to be a verbal symbol system that allows us to take messages and utterances in the form of words and translate them into meaning. (Morrale, Spitzberg Barge, 2006). I withal ga on that pointd from the website http//wordnet.web.princeton.edu/perl/webwn that Language is the forms of bringing, or the methods of expressing ideas, peculiar to a particular nation.The marches Patois is used widely in Jamaica, and can refer to every sort of indistinct or broken language in both country of the world. Patois is used to refer to a variety of Creole languages. A creole language develops from the combination of two or more(prenominal)(prenominal) languages.Patois is any language that is not spoken in its airplane pilot form. The slang term that is spoken in the Caribbean is called creole. The creole pious platitude was developed by the slaves in slavery days. The slaves makeed their masters native language-French, and combined it with their African Language to form this dialect. This dialect was created so that the slaves could speak amongst themselves with turn up their masters subtile what they were saying. The culture was passed down to many generations and is still spoken(http//whattocook.com/what_is_ jargon.html- obtained from source Friday, family line 24, 2010)Patois is not officially a language in Jamaica I am able to state same based on research that it has not (yet) been made official by the Government of Jamaica. And, although most Jamaicans in the beginning use buzzword for daily communi cation, it is quite interesting to note that, if you get hold of a Jamaican citizen at this particular moment, what language he or she speaks, the immediate response would be English.However, not all Jamaicans use barbarism. Patois is in the main spoken among the poorer signifier in Jamaica although many middle contour community use patois as a casual language in various social cathode-ray oscilloscopes.The general feeling about Patois is that it is a poor mans language and it is considered in this focal point because no severe rules outlining the standard grammar of the English language are followed and this gives the appearance of the person development it to appear uneducated which is why writers are encouraged to stay out from dialect as it is practically toilsome for their sympathizeing audience to understand. ground on my personal investigation, I direct come to understand that patois has always been considered unacceptable and it has been debated that it shoul d be kept informal and is not to be used for any official purpose. This, I pay off noticed, as there are always whispers, negative utterances and even scoffing at persons who are ineffectual to speak Standard English, whether in a social setting or workplace such persons have been labeled as socially and linguistically inferior.Nevertheless, Patois is continuously being promoted daily via music (especially dancehall), poetry, for ideal those by Joan Andrea Hutchinson and Mutabaruka) and the media (newspapers, radio, television etc.).Gleaner writers such as Jennifer Keane Dawes and Dr. Kingsley Stewart have been trying to slip by Jamaicans connected to their roots by writing columns about life situations or just for humour, strictly in patois, however, I dont think that this is helping the patois vocabulary of the readers. I, myself, read the columns and find some of them interesting yet very hard to read and interpret.Dr. Carolyn Cooper and Mrs. Barbara Gloudon, among others, als o write articles in patois from time to time in the media, however, these are much easier on the eye.It is an turn of debate as to making patois an official language, which some confide will help to affix the self-esteem of many Jamaicans and add more strength to their identity if patois is considered as valuable a language as any. It is also discussed that recognition of patois whitethorn also increase communication skills and social interaction in Jamaica.In my opinion, most Jamaicans already know patois and, being that it is a form of language which is not considered appropriate for official purposes such as public functions etc., I dont consider that this is necessity to make it official or to even discipline it, as some propose.I read an article where it is explained that in March 1999, a gathering of students from the UWI, Mona Campus put together a proposal in the inadequacy of gaining Jamaican Language or patois, an official status. It is argued that this effort to make patois official is quite unnecessary because students are already having a hard time mastering Standard English in school, (Vascianne, 1999) much to my pact.I am also in full agreement with Mooris Cargill, a Jamaican columnist that if patois awaits to gain legitimacy, it will destroy English.Pryce (1997) states that the high analphabetism state is partially blamed by many Jamaicans on the front line of two languages in the country and outlined the belief of Professor Carl pock that the evidence students are having trouble with the English Language is more as a result of students not reading enough.I dont believe it is clever to implement certain changes such as food labels or even The Bible into patois. (N.B. Recently the book of Luke was translated into patois by a group of graduates of the UWI and became available in stores on 08/09/10) (http//wwww.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20100809/lead/lead2.html- obtained from source on Sunday, kinfolk 26) 2010) and I think it is would be quite absurd to see lane traffic signs in patois. Imagine for example preferably of Buses notwithstanding you read Ongle bus or instead of Reserved for handicaps you see Fi di andycap dem, etc.I work in a public educational institution, and at time am privileged to read some of the errors recorded by students at the advanced level in the secondary education system. Some of the students dont seem to remember that English is the recognized first language of the society and often make their response in their own form of patois. I believe that some teachers are to be blamed for this because at times, they themselves do not use the Standard English in the classroom and this, I believe, may be the reason why the students feel it is okay to record their responses in the manner that most of them do. Most of the students at the institution hail from the itty-bitty fishing and peasant farming community of Annotto Bay and most of their parents have never had the opportunity to reveal Standard English and most times do not necessarily speak patois out of ethnical pride, scarce as a result of a lack of education, thusly if the students are not taught proper English by their teachers at school, hence they eventually become verbally disadvantaged and rely solely on what they have learnt from their uneducated parents at home and what they pick up on the streets, therefore, my point is that there will never be an end to analphabetism as far as this is concerned if the teachers fail to carry out their purpose.While I embrace my home tongue, patois, I honestly have a strong rejection to it being allowed and accepted everywhere.No language is a uniform system in which everyone burbles just uniform everyone else. slew who speak a given language share knowledge of its primary rules. Such common knowledge is the base of operations of mutually intelligible communication. (Kottak, 2002)It is a fact that there are certain social situations that influence our spee ch such asGeographical location,Cultural practices, andSocioeconomic differencesand whatever phonological differences which are present are looked down on.Whether it is fair or not, people judge you not only by the way you look moreover by the way you speak. Proper language becomes a strategic resource, correspond with wealth, prestige and power. (Kattak, 2002).I believe that in order to effectively learn and properly use Standard English, it has to be practiced. Everyone needs to practice and learn Standard English in order to develop a public life for if we should examine closely, we will notice that all academic institutions list English Language as a requirement for admission and all organizations, no matter what the job may be, requires Standard English as an summation for obtaining a job.Some of the most industrious people in society are those who are proud active speakers of patois, yet are not limited to learning and using the English language and encourage their childre n to do so. The Clergy, Lawyers, Doctors, Chief Executive Officers, Lecturers, Teachers and the rest of Jamaicas learned class primarily use English, not because they have access to the enlightened larger world, but because we continue to stigmatize the language that is used for official purposes all over the world.I will never look down on patois or scoff at persons who are unable to speak Standard English because, to me, some persons are simply not able to express themselves fluently no matter how hard they try, and I other reason is that I am aware that many Jamaicans feed their families from work done in the informal economy (eg. Factory, beauty shop, taxi service, vending etc.) where patois is the chief(prenominal) language used not necessarily because they are illiterate but because that is what is available to them in this country.Everyone, at some time or another say words in patois. I cannot imagine any undivided Jamaican who I interact with on a daily basis who does not use it. Our Jamaican everyday language, as I dearly call patois, when used by certain professionals gain them a discover or a certain cooperation and I believe that is the main reason why it is really used to get cooperation. I enquired of my brother who has been a Police Officer for seventeen years (who speaks mostly English when most friends and family) why they use patois when accosting bad men, and he explained to me, that some of the things they want to say may not have the same effect when utter in Standard English. He shared some examples with meA ded you waa ded instead of Do you want to die?Stap gwaan like you bad instead of deterrent behaving badlyand I could go on.I have also detect the Dean of Discipline at my school on several cause handling certain situations, and for a situation with a very indocile child, especially boys, I realized that patois is often used. When I asked her why, she told me that at times, it is the only way to control them by speaking to them in the way they understand and as most times administered to them at home. She confirmed that whenever patois is used, they know that there is no joking.Other persons, such as vendors in a craft market, use patois to promote their wares to tourists radio talk show hosts and media personalities use it to add real Jamaican vibes to their presentations teachers sometimes use it to get across a point in class or to reprimand an unruly child and children/students, oftentimes as they prefer, mostly because of peer pressure.I, myself, at work, interacting with my co-workers use some amount of patois, and from time to time, the members of my department, and students whom I supervise, have made me put aside all English (which I mostly use) and level with them in the language which they know and can substantially relate to.Personally, I dont have a problem with patois. I grew up in a home where it wasnt looked down on, however, I was strictly call for to address my parents (and everyo ne else whenever in their presence in Standard English). Most of the English Language I know and speak fluently today has been taught to me in my home, and this has often caused me to wonder about those children whose parents are uneducated and are unable to teach them.I am not saying that patois doesnt qualify, but I dont believe that one should be limited to learning only patois, because then, one may not be able to expand or move on to the world scale. I know that many Jamaicans are very foreign minded and this limitation would impact very negatively.In the meantime, I continue to embrace our beloved Patois and believe that as Jamaicans, it is not intelligible to want it to be made official so that other nations may be able to buy a manual or dictionary and learn it and be able to take advantage of it. I want patois to remain unique to us as Jamaicans. Other countries have their own creole which has not been made official and for example, even though I speak a little Spanish and can understand when spoken to in the language, if a native Spanish speaker wants to make disparaging comments about me in his native Creole right in front of my face, I would not be able to understand what is being said about me.Although I admit to perceive patois rather than poor English, I do believe that there is a time and place for patois. As a Jamaican, I like the humor and versatility our everyday language. And while I remain in agreement that patois is an effective medium of communication through which countless traditions and life skills have been passed, I emphasize my position nevertheless, that it is not necessary to teach patois or to promote it because Jamaicans naturally acquire the . patois necessary for cultural expressions and social and informal occasions.

Roles and Responsibilities: Health and Social Care Provider

Roles and Responsibilities Health and Social C be ProviderIntroduction In this assignment, I am going to explain how one health or social get by postr has contri preciselyed in national purvey and delimit three roles within the NHS and explain their responsibilities and possible complainter pathways. wolfram Cumberland infirmary is one of two abrupt hospitals in Cumbria, serving to a greater extent or less 140,000 residents of West Cumbria. The hospital is located on the outskirts of White puddlen, in Hensingham, and as strong provides Diagnosis/screening, c be for long-term conditions, Rehabilitation for illness/injury, 24 hour Accident and Emergency, CHOC, a consultant-led maternity unit, limited cargon baby unit, an out unhurrieds advantage and a mountain range of specializer clinical service. In 2015, a 90 million unsanded building was added to West Cumberland infirmary, the building contains advanced operative theatres and the new buildings internal and run ar e all modernised. The new modern build hits the hospital look more pleasing and attractive. However, issues and complaints give up occurred regarding centralising consultant-led maternity serve in Carlisle and women in labour whitethorn permit to travel to Cumberland Infirmary, this is due(p) to a shortage of childrens doctors, states the br a nonher(prenominal)hood Cumbria University Hospitals NHS Trust, and some kind of change is essential. The Hospital offers free National Health Service Treatment. Local GPs refer patients to outpatient clinics for specializer treatment and advice.Care Quality Commission (CQC) are independent regulators who make sure health and social care services provide peck with safe, effective, compassionate, high-quality care and encourage them to improve. Their inspection in 2015 on Whitehaven hospital cerebrate that the hospital dominated improvement and so was placed in special measures (CQC 2016).West Cumberland Hospital is manged by North Cu mbria University Hospital Trust which is an acute hospital swear committed to providing a high standard of care to a population of rough 320,000 from Carlisle, Allerdale, Eden, Copeland and parts of the Dumfries and Galloway and Northumberland. Services, such as pediatrics and AE, are provided from West Cumberland Hospital in Whitehaven and the Cumberland Infirmary in Carlisle. The trust also supports a wide range of symptomatic and clinical services which are located in nine community hospitals across North Cumbria. The trust became a university Hospital in homeember 2008.Within the NHS, in that location are large variety of positions which all require dissimilar specialist skills and training. Each job in health and social care settings is all- measurcapable(prenominal) in contri besidesing to providing the best quality care for service users.Roles, responsibilities and life pathways of a Doctor.Medical doctors examine, diagnose and treat patients who have been referred t o the hospital by GPs or other healthcare professionals. Doctors apply their specialist medical examination acquaintance and skills to the contribution of prevention and management of disease. afterward five historic period of medical school, a junior doctor will do a stripped of four years further training to qualify as a global practitioner (GP), or a further eight years to qualify as a hospital consultant. Once a registrar, after one year they whoremaster change state a GP, or a specialist consultant in five to sixsome years. in that respect are numerous responsibilities of a doctor. Doctors must undertake patients physical examinations and consultations, perform surgical operations, monitor and regulate medication of patients, plan and treasure required treatments of service users, communicate daily with nurses, doctors, GPs and other healthcare professionals and they also maintain records of patients. These responsibilities require a doctor to have an ability to sol ve problems, dissemble efficaciously under pressure and have leadership and management skills.Roles, responsibilities and charge pathways of a Radiographer.The role of a Radiographer is to undertake clinical imagining diagnostic examinations using different kinds of radiation to treat injured or ill patients. They must cover that every service user is fully aware of the procedure and stick around as comfortable and relaxed as possible. You empennage study to reach every diagnostic radiographer or therapeutic radiography at university. A diagnostic radiographer uses radiation to diagnose an injury or illness of a patient and a therapeutic radiographer uses different kinds of radiation to treat illnesses or injuries. It is important for a radiographer to have good communication skills and strong analytical skills.There are several responsibilities of a radiographer. They need to be able to assess patients and their clinical requirements to chink they endure which radiographic techniques to use. Radiographers also need to provide support and reassurance to patients, taking into account their psychological and physical needs. Taking responsibleness for radiation safety is also important. A radiographer will also work alongside radiologists and surgeons by taking part in more abstruse radiological examinations.A diagnostic radiographer seat become an advanced practitioner where they endure undertake a high level of clinical responsibilities. symptomatic radiographers also can go on to work at consultant level, where you will be able to contribute to strategic ontogeny of services.Role, responsibilities and career pathways of a paramedic.The role of a paramedic is to provide immediate reply to emergency 999 and 111 calls. Paramedics are usually the first senior healthcare professionals on the scene and the level of care they provide can range from upholding with minor illnesses and injuries to life threatening conditions.There are numerous respons ibilities of a paramedic. They must be capable of monitoring the patients condition and be able to use technical equipment, including ventilators and defibrillators to help stabilise and resuscitate patients, they must also perform surgical procedures if indispensable, such as intubation (inserting a eupneic tube). Paramedics will also communicate with other emergency services to ensure a suitable level of response is provided.EMTs and Paramedics are both well trained healthcare professionals. EMTs are trained to provide a introductory level life support to patients such as CPR, spinal immobilization, grassroots airway management and bandages and splinting, an EMT is considered the entry level for emergency medical services. An EMT can become a paramedic by undertaking a backside degree in Paramedic Science which will take around two or three years to complete. A paramedic can undertake extra training to become a specialist paramedic or take a further qualification depending on which qualifications they already hold, a specialist paramedic are advanced practitioners in dealing with emergency situations and they need to be able to understand situations quickly and suffer calm in stressful situations. A specialist paramedic can take further training of three to five years to become an advanced paramedic and once an advanced practitioner, a further six years to become a consultant paramedic. telly censoring proportion The US and UKtelevision set Censorship Comparison The US and UKTelevision Censorship ComparisonTelevision Censorship A Comparison mingled with the unite States and the unify commonwealthSince video became official in the 1930s, there have always been geographical disparities regarding to what degree different countries view video cloy as objectionable based on moral, religious or policy-making criteria. The process of preventing this foreign pith from r distributivelying audiences is known as security review, but blocking all unacc eptable cloth from television set system system is seen as a violation of emancipation of expression.However, although censorship is a heavily debated topic around the world, each sylvan has its own regulations and policies that vary significantly. In this comparative analysis, I will examine the different views on censorship and distant suffice in the United States and the United state. setoff I will plow the current regulations and censorship issues in the United States, as well as programs and content that have been deemed contrasted.Then, I will elucidate the censorship regulations in the United land, and discuss a recent television issue that sparked dispute over lackadaisical censorship policies. To finish, I will compare and personal credit line the two countries views on censorship, with an emphasis on why the United States and the United res publica have different perceptions about the degree of regulations necessary in their country.The United StatesIn the U nited States, censorship and other broadcasting policy-related issues are handled by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). The FCC is an independent United States government activity agency, directly responsible to Congress. The FCC was establish by the Communications go of 1934 and is charged with ad still interstate and international communications by radio, television, wire, satellite and cable. The FCCs jurisdiction covers the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and U.S. possessions (About the FCC).In the United States, obscene, im comme il faut and disconsolate broadcasts are taken very seriously, and based on the stiffness of their context, can be punishable by justness. According to the FCC, enforcement doings by office of archetypes, monetary fines or revoking channel licenses can be issued after a complaint is filed and a violation is confirmed. It is a violation of federal law to air obscene programming at any time.It is also a violation of federal law to air indecent programming or profane language during certain hours, which includes any content between 6am and 10pm (Obscene, Indecent, and sully Broadcasts). However, many people and organizations feel that the First Amendment of the Constitution, defending liberty of dialect and expression, is in direct violation by the FCCs enforcement of censorship.On the opponent side of the FCC are groups united against censorship regulations, claiming that censorship is an infringement of the First Amendment protecting granting immunity of public lecture and expression. The National fusion Against Censorship (NCAC) is a group of 50 non-profit organizations throughout the nation such as the American Ethical Union (AEU) and the National Communication Association (NCA) who educate the prevalent and policy makers about threats to free expression mobilize them to take action to oppose censorship and assist in those efforts facilitate communications between local activists and national o rganizations and devise new educational, advocacy, and media strategies to create a more hospitable environment for free speech and artistic freedom ( burster Statement).The NCAC believes that a healthy, functional democracy is defined by freedom of communication, and the inability to communicate is fatal to moral, artistic and intellectual growth ( missionary station Statement). All groups united against censorship believe that it represents an unreasonable tot up of power and dictatorship over the minds and intellectual capacity of all people.However, the FCC has encountered many severe censorship issues in recent years concerning public broadcasts with inappropriate content. February 1, 2004 will forever be remembered non for an exciting Super roll game, but for Janet Jacksons live wardrobe malfunction on CBS in front of millions of football fans. CBS owner Viacom was fined $550,000 for the half-time show broadcast, which the FCC state was in apparent violation of the broadcas t indecency standard (Lehrer).After the Janet Jackson incident occurred, the FCC began imposing greater fines for programs that show indecent, profane or obscene content (Remote Control Indecency Legislation Raises Fines and Fears). In december of 2004, the FCC fined 111 television stations that broadcasted the CBS show Without a track down for a record $3.6 million, which suggested that teenagers were involved in a sexual orgy. CBS defended the Without a Trace episode, saying the episode contained an important and socially relevant storyline warning parents to act upon greater supervision of their teenage children (Bosman).Since then, many other television shows have been fined for indecency, which has led to the detriment of station programming because stations are worried about being charged. This string of massive fines given to inappropriate airings has led broadcasters to self-censor their programs using five-second delays especially on entertainment, sport and sexually st ated television shows (Remote Control Indecency Legislation Raises Fines and Fears).The United KingdomIn the United Kingdom, the Office of Communications (Ofcom) is in charge of regulating all of the private commercial channels, including iTV, Five and Channel 4. Ofcom was first established as the overseer of communications industries by the Office of Communications Act 2002, combining the responsibilities of the Broadcasting Standards Commission, the Independent Television Commission, the Radio Authority, and the Director ecumenical of Communications into one regulating group (statutory Duties and Regulatory Principles). Ofcoms responsibilities includeEnsuring the optimal use of the electro-magnetic spectrum ensuring that a wide range of electronic communications services including high speed data services is useable throughout the UK ensuring a wide range of TV and radio services of high quality and wide appeal maintaining plurality in the provision of broadcasting applying ade quate protection for audiences against discourtesy or damaging corporeal and applying adequate protection for audiences against unfairness or the infringement of privacy (Statutory Duties and Regulatory Principles).According to the Ofcom Broadcasting Code, multiple sections were established to set proper standards for television broadcasting. Two codes related to the censorship of inappropriate textile are to prevent harm to children under age 18, and to avert offensive or harmful substantive from being broadcasted. Section One Protecting the Under-Eighteens states real(a) that might seriously impair the physical, mental or moral development of people under eighteen must not be broadcast.Children must also be protected by appropriate scheduling from stuff that is unsuitable for them (The Ofcom Broadcasting Code). Section Two Harm and crime asserts In applying in general accepted standards broadcasters must ensure that material which may cause offence is justified by the c ontext. Such material may include, but is not limited to, offensive language, violence, sex, sexual violence, humiliation, distress, violation of military personnel dignity, discriminatory treatment or language (The Ofcom Broadcasting Code). immunity of expression and responsibility are considered hand in hand by the Code, which is why each programmer must obey regulations that apply to each section.Although Ofcom controls the private channels in the United Kingdom, the government-owned stations such as the BBC have their own indecency regulations. The BBC has a more relaxed policy for indecency, which is know as the Watershed policy. From 9pm the TV watershed helps parents protect children from unsuitable material. In all but exceptional circumstances, programmes before 9pm are suitable for general audiences including children.From 9pm they are progressively suitable only for adults ( declineency and the TV watershed). The BBC and other public broadcasting stations in the United K ingdom cuss on parent support and program warnings to prevent children from exposure to indecent, profane or obscene content, not on censorship rules and expensive fines. In the United Kingdom, the lack of universal policies and regulations on censoring inappropriate content of all television channels shows the overall laissez-faire attitude toward television censorship.In general, the United Kingdom fines programs and stations for going over television program limits or blatantly lying on television, but does not often penalize stations for showing morally, politically or scrupulously indecent content. However, there is extremely limited information on television programs that have been in violation of the Ofcom Broadcasting Code or BBC regulations that have been fined for airing inappropriate material.In one case, an episode of Jerry Springer The opera house was brought to court by Christian evangelists trying to prosecute specify Thompson, the BBCs director general. According to Stephen Green, National Director of the Christian Voice, the show on BBC2 featured scenes depicting Christ wearing a nappy and pest had clearly crossed the blasphemy threshold (Petre). However, the show was not outlaw on BBC2 or prosecuted for blasphemous content after being brought to court.Mark Mullins, who represents Stephen Green and the Christian Voice, said No prosecution for blasphemy can be brought against the BBC. That is tantamount to saying that blasphemy is of little, if any, relevance in straight offs society (Petre). Compared to the United Kingdom, whose regulations allow for greater rein of freedom of speech and expression, the United States has much harsher regulations about censorship and blocking harmful content from the airwaves.ComparisonThe United States and the United Kingdom both deal with complaints from television viewing audience on a daily basis however, the viewers in the United Kingdom complain there is not full censorship, while the viewers in the United States feel there is resemblingwise much censorship.According to media keep abreast-uk, an organization that campaigns for decency and accountability in the media, they believe that television has become toxic to viewers, and no longer represents reality or enforces censorship of inappropriate material. Violence, sex and bad language is so common on TVHowever, Parliament has approved laws which say that programmes must meet with generally accepted standards and that the public should be protected from offensive and harmful material. This law is being ignored and viewers rights are being overridden in the quest for ratings, audience shareand controversy (mediawatch-uk).Many organizations like mediawatch-uk have been established to apply greater pressure on the regulating bodies like Ofcom and BBC, convinced they have not responded sufficiently to the public concern. On the opposing side, the United States has many organizations like the NCAC that argue regulations set o n American television are too severe, and do not allow for the freedom to exercise the rights guaranteed in the First Amendment.According to Stephen Rohde, a lawyer who specializes in First Amendment concerns, It is not in the public interest for certain straitlaced groups to dictate what the American people can see on television, when the material is constitutionally protected and violates no laws.Such groups remain free to exercise their constitutional rights to publicly condemn any programming they find offensive and to press the OFF button on the remote (Censorship on Television When Crying Indecency Goes Too Far). Although television has become a highly advanced medium in recent years, there are extreme differences between the enforcement of censorship regulations in the United Kingdom and the United States. Censorship is a central issue in television, but it is nearly impossible for either country to tote up on what constitutes inappropriate material, and how it should be de alt with to satisfy the majority of viewers.ConclusionBoth the United Kingdom and the United States would benefit from finding a balanced medium by setting strict censorship laws, while still allowing for freedom of speech and expression. During certain hours of the day, especially after 9pm, parents and their children should be highly advised that there may be inappropriate content in the television material. Therefore, censorship should be enforced while children are more likely to watch television, and more relaxed when the audience becomes more mature at night.However, because the United Kingdom has different restrictive bodies governing the public and private television channels, they should agree on certain guidelines to avoid censorship issues, as well as complaints from unsatisfied viewers. The United States should relax their policies on censorship by not broadcasting harmful programs during the day, or on channels with consistent childlike viewers.Since the biggest conce rn overriding the censorship problems is obscene, profane or indecent material affecting children, their moral and religious beliefs should be taken into account when establishing regulatory principles. Around the world, countries have different views on the amount of censorship necessary to protect their audiences from harmful television.The United Kingdom and the United States are just two examples of very dissimilar regulatory systems, based on how their country feels censorship is necessary. In the end, it is the balance of appropriateness and inappropriateness, freedom of expression and freedom of censorship, that must take into account all age groups, moral views and the force of television on its viewers.Works CitedAbout the FCC. FCC. Federal Communications Commission. 10 dec 2007 .Bosman, Julie. TV Stations Fined Over CBS Show Deemed to Be Indecent. Business. 16 Mar 2006. The New York Times. 11 decline 2007 .Censorship on Television When Crying Indecency Goes Too Far. New s. 18 Feb 2005. PEN Center USA. 13 Dec 2007 .Decency and the TV watershed. Reports, policies and guidelines. British Broadcasting Company. 12 Dec 2007 .Lehrer, Jim. Television Indecency. Online News Hour. 23 Sept 2004. Public Broadcasting Service. 11 Dec 2007 .mediawatch-uk. About Us. 2007. mediawatch-uk. 13 Dec 2007 .Mission Statement. About NCAC. National Coalition Against Censorship. 10 Dec 2007 .Obscene, Indecent, and Profane Broadcasts. Consumer Governmental Affairs Bureau. 24 Sept 2007. Federal Communications Commission. 10 Dec 2007 .OfCom. TV. Office of Communications. 10 Dec 2007 .Petre, Jonathan. Jerry Springer ruling weakens blasphemy law. News. 07 Dec 2007. telegraph.co.uk. 13 Dec 2007 .Remote Control Indecency Legislation Raises Fines and Fears. National Coalition Against Censorship. 11 Dec 2007 .Statutory Duties and Regulatory Principles. About OfCom. Office of Communications. 12 Dec 2007 .The Ofcom Broadcasting Code. Ofcom Broadcasting Code. 25 July 2005. Office of Co mmunications. 12 Dec 2007 .

Methods of Investment Appraisal and Financial Statement Analysis

Methods of investing Appraisal and Financial State handst AnalysisThe purpose of this report is to prize several(a) method of coronation appraisal and monetary bidding abbreviation and and finaly recommendation on choosing stratefic portfolio.Task 1Forcasting in that location ar sundry(a) to forecast from the past result and nonice out what is going to ascertain forthcomingThe simplest method for forcasting revenue and appeal through magazine serial publication analysis with simple travel average for exampleUsing moving average the forcast for next months leave alone be Forcast jan+feb..to dec divided by 12 months and answer is for July the forcast would be 31.58 or 32 and so on. slide is sys marginatic (gradual) increase or decrease in average oer time season seasonal forcasting is the predictable piteous term cycling demeanor for whatever reason day month week etcFor example demand the following market sh be of tesco in the next year seasonal FactorAverage Se asonal factorMonth2007200620072006Jan3130.61.021.021.02Feb3230.40.991.031.01Mar3530.60.911.020.96Apr33310.961.010.98May3131.41.020.991.01Jun2931.51.100.991.04Jul3031.61.060.991.02Aug31.431.41.010.991.00Sep33.131.20.961.000.98Oct32.231.40.990.990.99Nov32.3431.40.980.990.99Dec31.131.41.020.991.01Average31.7631.16Now if we want to find market sh be of tesco in January of 2008January forcast = Average forcast multiply by seasonal factor which is 1.02If average mothly forcast for the year is 30 then forcast for January pull up stakes be 30*1.02 =30.6Task 1 part 2Its in truth pick out and understandable fact that start a new business or growing it require a lot of hard work ,planning and powerful kind of pay with a squad of dedicated peoples.There ar all reference work of pay which nookie be enforced to finance exclusively each of them has some benefit or edge over in some way or former(a).Therefore deciding which cite of financing should we white plague is a lots place wor k in concert ability to face issues coming up and ability to take closes. specie (Capital) is life blood of any business and business fecal matter non survive without capital. interchange in ones chipsings plan flexibleThinking big and move troubled patronage should move on when raising capitalStrong management teamWhat amount capital required dep terminate what we want to achieve and our experience e and address worthiness and stage of growth at which we stand unneurotic general factor such market trends and economic condition.There are various sources of finance depend on business1) Self financeSelf FinancingFinancing through credit card and is the most(prenominal) riskiest weft and costly as interest rate on credit cards are truly high and amount available is normally low subject credit evaluation conducted by bevel.Start up Financing is some other method whereby a business foot countersink hard bills into the new business fatherd through various various source till it is reach to level to generate further financing itself.2) currencymaking(prenominal) Financing by BankBusiness toilette get coinmaking(prenominal) financing if they have track record or they have something to consider as security to bank.Commercial financing is very(prenominal) important and fundamental way to finance a specific sound projection and normally bank will agree to finance if in that respect is home work make with regards to feasibility.The disadvantage is participation has to bear risk of damage and bank will charge interest which is great costThough these are disadvantages facilitate commercial finance through bank most widely use to finance a specific project.3) Share IssueA new establish union spate issue Initial public pass to raise finance from public notwithstanding a lot of home work require. Private Companies fag issue new shares in the name rights issue or bonus issue tho quartert bear on them.Initially lodge can finance itself equity enthronization by investors. Later on merger or acquisition of limited bon ton is very well(p) source raising finance by event shares.Share issue is quite unusual way to raise gold for specific project its time consuming and lengthy process tho its one the less riskiest way.5) Finding Investor/PartnerFinding a person, aggroup or nerve to fund business is another form of financing to raising capital .the advantage if this method is risk is shared amid partners and disadvantage is worth generates from business is divided between one more(prenominal) peoples match partnership agreement.There are more other sources of finance for small business worry local government initiatives on lending program and commercial companies providing finance and so forthSome big companies are genuinely cash rich and because they look opportunities to invest cash and therefore they can act as strategic investors.Task 2There are vaious method rate fiscal knuckle unders on various competing project. The most important of them are1) Payback power point2) Net evince value1 Pay back periodLets take a example if there are two projects where initial investment is 60m while one give return as following course of study fundamental1 102 253 304 28While another project give returns asYear come in1 132 203 254 50SolutionProject OneYear Amount Remaining investing0 601 10 502 25 253 30 25 4 28Project TwoYear Amount Remaining Investment0 601 13 472 20 273 25 24 50 2 iniital investment returneThe first project here pay its total investment in three years while the here and now projecgt pay its entire investment four year time so according retribution period method project two should be selected.Payback period doesnt account for time value of money therefore not very effective method2. Net stick in ValueTaking the homogeneous example above if we try out them (we contract give the sack factor which cost of capital to discount future cash flows. Lets select it as 10%Year Amount Discount Factor Present Vaue01 10 0.909 9.092 25 0.826 20.653 30 0.751 22.53.4 28 0.683 19.12471.394Project TwoYear Amount Remaining Investment Present Vaue0 11 13 0.909 11.8172 20 0.826 16.523 25 0.751 18.7754 50 0.683 34.1581.262The Net defer value of second project is more than first one therefore e according to npv method second project is more makeable.Select appropriate and germane(predicate) financial reading for use in the process of making strategic decisions on investmentThere are vaious ways to analyse investment each has it own merit and demerit but mostly to analyse investment we required some basic l take a craping to make our decision on.If we are comparing two or more competing projects we can do by using investment appraisal techniques resembling net present value etcWe wish some basis data to calculate and appraise and finally take investment decision whichApproximate amount of total investment required for the projectThe future cash flow whether influx or outflow that can be generated from the project.The minimum required return .If we are going to invest in a order we need to instruction on two main factor which are how more dividend it pays through symmetrys called dividend cover and dividend yield and how much capital gain we can get by movement in share price applicable ratios are price earning ratio, earning per share etc.For the above calculation we need exact amount ofDividend paid during the yearShare price lucre after taxNumber of ordinary share issuedThis information can be drawn from the financial tale of targeted company.The future investment can be found on basis of past writ of execution of selected companiesThe investment in company to acquire needs other consideration which is based on various financial as well as non financial factors but mostly following factors are taken into account . social club financial health through calculation of various ratio favourableness, train , liquidity and capability etcThe vision, mission , goals and objectives of the acquiring company and strategies to achieve those and many more. Therefore decision regarding acquisition or mergers required comprehensive analysis. amaze recommendations based on a post- scrutiniseed account appraisal on the appropriateness of selected investment project decisionsThe payback period is simplest method to decide between competing project which one is the best but it ignore time value of moneyNet present value account for time value of money and is one of the mostly utilise way to appraise competing projects but it is interwoven and and require some figures to give correct answer like discount rate etcFor investment in the shares of company we need financial information such as share price dividend eps etc but selection of company to invest in its share depends on many other factors like if the investing entity want to invest for long term or short termFor long term investements share price moment is more important than dividend or vice versa.Task 3Financial Statements break up financial statements using relevant techniques to value the financial viability of an Tesco for 2008The financial statement of any organization can be analysed by calculation of ratio and each ratio has its own significance and importance. There is hard and extravagant rule and no parameters to judge accomplishment of each and every company against but its very subjective and depend on company and labor in which it operates.Let assume the following financial statement belong to company called Simon Sparks and analyse its financial statement.Simon Sparks acquire and Losss Accountthe period ended 30June 200XSales292,000.00 slight Sales returns13,800.00Net Sales278,200.00Carriage outward15,000.00263,200.00Less cost of good soldSOpening transport15,100.00Purchases135,600.00Less Purchase returns 5,200.00130,400.00Less Closing Stock16,200.00129,300.00Gross good133,900.00Bad debts2,200.00Advertising6,000. 00Electricity Gas11,100.00Salaries and salary37,200.00Insurance5,700.00 locomote expenses.16,600.00Postage stationery2,400.00Rent rates20,900.00102,100.00Net Profit31,800.00Less Drawings15,800.00Retained ProfitBalance Sheet as at 30 Juneas of 30 June 200XNon up-to-the-minute Asset( . Fixtures Fittings cost60,300.00Motor vehicle cost42,000.00 tote up Non Current Asset102,300.00Current Asset hard currency600.00Trade debtors24,000.00Closing stock16,200.00Total Current Asset40,800.00Total Asset143,100.00Liabilities and Owners EquityCapital83,800.00Retained Profit16,799.00100,599.00Non Current LiabilitiesCurrent LiabilitiesBank Overdraft5,600.00Trade Creditors36,901.00Total liabilities plus capital143,100126,699.00All businesses make it to make profit in some way or other and to measure profitablilty we have many ratio to analyse same selective information from different aspects. Retuen on capital employeed is a primary ratio to assess profitablitly of any orgnization and its one of most widly used ratio.It is calculated byDividing Profit before interest and tax with capital plus long term liability In the case of Simon spark it is 32% which can be assume as very good doing interims of profitability but ratio cant be analyses in standalone way they must be compared with some industry average competitor or past performance to evaluate and we dont ant information available here.Simon Park has managed to generate revenue deal of 292,000 which is really commendable as long as data is secure and comparable. The Gross profit ratio shows companys profit margin when merchandising price is compared with cost of sale. The GP ratio of Simon spark is 51% which is really commendable and appreciatable but remember we are assuming that data is not only reliable but trustable.The other factor to measure profitability is net profit 6% here we see how effectively and expeditiously day to day operation are run by management. astonishingly the net profit margin is just 6% it is definably not very good indication of good performance but due to point of accumulation of information for comparison we are unable to give conclusive remarks but 6% is very low and it shows though company is earning profits but its not working efficiently and effectively.The most significant expenses are salaries and wages followed by rent and rates. We dont know if its inefficient management but definitely I think there is enough room for improvement liquidLiquidity ratios are very important as company can be profitable but if not liquid enough can run to insolvency or at least find it self in big problems.Liquid assets are those which can easily convert in to cash with in short duration of time. The examples are cash, debtor, stock etc.The most important of liquidity ratio is rate of flow ratio which shows current assets as number of generation to current liabilities and it is very widely used in business world.There is no specific ratio which can be said as good en ough or blue as it varies from industry to industry and company to company.Simon Sparks current ratio is 1.5 multiplication it mean it has 50% more liquid asset to meet it present(prenominal) needs. Its not bad but considering limitation of information we can assume its up to standard of industry.But there is more important ratio coming out of current ratio it is tender ratio. In quick ratio we dont consider stock as quickly convertible into cash asset and therefore remove it.The quick ratio of simpn spark is 0.94 times which cant be said either good enough or bad for the reason mention above.Carry out a performance audit of an organisation including reference to internal and external factorsPerformance audit is audit of mainly(management operations ,function or procedures of) not for profit or political organization to ensure value for money (economy aptitude and effectiveness ) in utilization of resource by using systematic professionally knowing and conduct methodologies wh ich are generally accepted and well structured.Few benefits of performance audit isImproving organisational performanceA tool to increase efficiencyPolicy and performanceLegal imperativePerformance audit whitethorn include detection of fraud and error but its not include everytime there fore scope of permance audit must define and prone in writing prior to start of workPerformance audit using internal factors might be for example in mathematical product it may number of units produce in a one arcminute compare with standared or ideal performanceFor financial performance profit can be compare from period to another with cost of sale and revenue to ensure resource are used properly and generate value for moneyExternal factors to consider for performance audit are comparision of per unit cost with major competitor to ensure VFM (value for money economy, efficiency and effectiveness is achieved .Comparision of number of staff with equivalent or similar company or employee productivi ty with similar organizationPerformance audit is not define in any standered and can include anything but it is different from performance measurement.Use appropriate calculations to improve the quality of financial information usedThe quality of information is very important because its not reliable and relevant than its useless most business try to spend m to avoid the lost of money but unfortunately lack of focus on right cause more loss.The reliable and timely financial information is essential for success and to avoid loss and making untimely decision on the basis of misleading information.Financial in itself is very vast and full of useful information but its generall and everyone has to take this information and use it assess their own purpose for example a company can generate huge profits sayCompany A has revenue of 100 million while gross profit is 50 million and net profit 25 million.A lay men can conclude fromthis information that companys is performing really well and generating good profits but what if we got data the competitor of same size earn profit 1000 m with Gross profit ratio of 70% unlike our 50%.Even worse can happen like company is generating huge profits but its running out of cash to pay its immediate liabilities . Creditors have right to appeal in mash and prove company as defaulter and therefore cease its existence.So calculation of various ratio from the broad set of financial statement help in understanding actual position of company regarding its competitors.IMake recommendations on the strategic portfolio of an organisation based on the recitation of financial and ancillary informationThe world is moving very fast and there is increasing competition with increasing globalization and opening of borders therefore organization need to update themselves with latest information and predict future and do for itOrganizations have many reason to believe that they have to prepare themselves before the storm and therefore they are r equired to identify, find and use the required information whether financial or other to prepare themselves for the future.There are various strategies an organization can follow to achieve its objectives. A company should diversify if they have access to adequate resource (financial or other)and technical capability to achieve success.Diversification bring combative advantages as with mergers as economies of scale and information asymmetry can achieved .Strategic portfolio may include developing and investing in new technologies to achieve competitive advantage as technology as key to success.The factor which can be consider for strategic portfolio is to develop new products and or improve exsiting one to compensate those products whose lifecycle is about to finish .Partnership with international companies or local companies to enter new ventures is also a great option and by doing this organization can not diversify but loss in case of failure is share between partners and there will be access to new and usesful information by working with another organization.These are the few reformation which an organization should consider to develop there strategic portfolio and its quite subjective and can vary from one organization to another.30.630.430.63131.431.531.631.431.231.431.431.4

Marketing Activities To Affect The Potential Buyer Influences Marketing Essay

selling Activities To Affect The Potential Buyer Influences merchandising EssayThis assignment volition be addressing the issues faced by a company operating in the full(prenominal)ly competitive athletic carry food commercialise in the United Kingdom. The issues presented in the assignment go away be discussed in relation with the changing nature of consumer demeanour. Firstly, it is vital to analyse the current dumb imbed of the company as follows.SOLE-RUNSole- barrage is a company operating in sportswear trade in the United Kingdom specialising in football boots. It is tell that the firm has entered the sportswear market place at a quite aft(prenominal)-hours detail of the market development which bed be assumed to be at a stage where the market was maturing with high competition from the market tameers exchangeable Adidas and Nike. However, Sole-Run was able to capture 12% of the market office despite non having either the mathematical production capacity or the financial bud bunks to compete with much(prenominal) market fall outers.On the varied sham on, it is said that voguish trainers remain as the largest single part of the sports footwear market. man it was found that customers hold deard comfort and did not want to pay high footing re inquisition findings besides showed that low-to medium setd trainers provided the same levels of comfort as high priced trainers where paying a higher price for trainers did not ensure a higher quality or a higher level of comfort.Sole-Run is currently facing difficulties in increasing its gross sales despite the high latent market for trainers as consumers are buy trainers as a darn of fashionable clothing as thoroughly as for sports in particular among the teenagers and unmatched-time(a) hoi polloi with high disposable income.SPORTS CONSUMER BEHAVIOURIn cabaret to pose as how Sole-Run privy submit the consumer obtain it is essential to understand the consumer demeano r of this particular market.According to Kotler and Armstrong (2010) consumer buying conduct is the delight inive(prenominal) get or consuming decision of an individual(a) or household and whoever buys goods and work for private consumption.Sports consumer behaviour is the care for involved when individuals select, corrupt, use, and dispose of sport think products and services to satisfy needs and receive benefits (Funk, 2008). This performance is renderd by a disposition to seek sports consumption experiences that provides benefits and satisfy needs (Funk, 2008). job 1- BUYER invite AND PURCHASING PROCESS1.1 WHAT IS BUYER INFLUENCE?Buyer specifys willing travel the degree of motivation in consumers to exculpate purchasing decisions. On the former(a) hand the level of involvement in sports will also bear on the decision do. It is grave for Sole-Rune to understand the consumers buying behaviour when designing a merchandise dodge for its sports-fashion wear tr ainers or any other sports related products.Involvement involves represent a state of motivation with regard to a product, an activity, or an object (Rothschild, 1984). This state of motivation reflects the level of arousal, interest, or safari evoked by a particular sports stimuli or situation that influences consumer behaviour (Mitchelle, 1979).1.2. INTERNAL INFLUENCESGenerally consumer behaviour kitty be influenced by factors much(prenominal)(prenominal) as motivation, learning and sensing which are known as inwrought factors. Also called as personal factors these gives the ability for the consumer to directly benefit from the product.1.3. away INFLUENCESSocial norms are a prominent external factor influencing consumer purchaser behaviour. As pointed out by Kotler and Armstrong (2010) consumer purchases are influenced by forces such as social, cultural, individual and psychological.Cultural characteristics consists of the set of basic values, perceptions, wants and behavi ours learned by an individual from world a member of a society. In this context Sole-Run will tolerate to identify the cultural characteristics of the possible British based consumers who die hard to be exceedingly fashion conscious. Social characteristics on the other hand consists of social factors such as the pited consumers relation to small groups, family and social roles. individual(a) characteristics toilette be regarded as the consumers age, economic situations and occupation. Psychological factors consist of the motivation, perception and beliefs and attitudes of the purposeed potential consumers.Here it is evident that the targeted consumers for the sports-fashion trainers come from social groups which consist of individual characters of fashion conscious teenagers and old consumers who have high disposable income.1.4. market ACTIVITIES TO AFFECT THE POTENTIAL BUYER INFLUENCESAccording to the Chartered Institute of Marketing (CIM), trade can be defined as a mana gerial process whereby you indentify, anticipate and satisfy customer needs and wants for a profit.In order to come up with market strategies that will affect potential purchaser influences, it is vital that Sole-Run have a reform understanding on the consumers decision making as this will not only augment consumer demand scarcely will also ease to sustain its demand. While Sole-Run should identify properly its market segments in order to design targeted marketing activities, it is said that the teenagers and quondam(a) throng with high disposable income are the highest consumer purchasers in the sports-fashion trainers market. On the other hand, it is also found by research that consumers do not wish to pay high prices for trainers epoch quest for comfort.As it is said that Sole-Run does not possess adequate financial budgets, it is evident that Sole-Run cannot site on large scale nationwide marketing activities by advertizing on mass media such as television and on in tercommunicate to influence potential buyers.The starting point of Sole-Run can be to influence the potential consumers by providing discipline virtually its sports-fashion wear trainers consisting of the marketing jumble in other words, the product, price, place of availability and promotions. This information will lead the potential observable buyers to respond to product choice, discolouration choice, dealer choice, purchasing timing and amount.It is said that sports events play a significant role in a comm make believeing blockys marketing and leaf bladeing strategy (Higham Hinch, 2003). Hence Sole-Run can target more local or regional sports events which are less costly in terms of marketing budget compared to national events.Sole-Run can have special promotions in its outlets for the source time buyers. Also, by having direct marketing campaigns online which is less costly and highly effective compared to television or wireless advertisement, the company can easily t arget the technology savvy teenagers such as by uploading videos on YouTube, and creating pages on popular social ne devilrking sites such as Facebook, Twitter encouraging them to comment and give their faiths on the trainers possibly with special discount codes online which the potential buyers can redeem when purchasing in-store. On the other hand Sole-Run will be encouraging interactive marketing online where consumers will start conversation online around the Sole-Run trainers creating positive ne bothrk influence for the company among others targeted consumers.On the other hand, in order to target the older consumers who has high disposable income, Sole-Run can advertise on sports related magazines and financial hotspapers which are read by these targeted consumers and sponsor events bring outd by sports clubs where these potential consumers can be found.TASK 2 ROGERS DIFFUSION CURVE AND ADOPTION type2.1. ROGERS DIFFUSION CURVE-Predicting buyer behaviour becomes particul arly important with origins and is particularly important in decisions concerning untried product developments. Rogers (1962) attempted differentiate consumers according to their solvent to innovative products and determine five types of consumers based on the idea that accredited individuals are inevitably more open to adaptation than others. These consumers were categorised as follows1. Innovators- brave consumers pulling the change and are very important dialogue mechanisms2. Early studyers repectable people, opinion leaders, try out sassy ideas but in a wide-awake way than innovators.3. Early majority thoughtful people, careful but accept change more quickly than average people do4. Late majority- sceptic people who will use recent ideas and products only when the majority is exploitation5. Laggards traditional people who love to disturb to the old ways and are critical about new ideas ad will only accept it if the new idea has become mainstream or even tradition. The research boil down of diffusion has five elements which are1. characteristics of an cosmos which may influence its bridal2.decision making process that occurs when individuals consider to adopt a new idea, product or practice3. characteristics of individuals that feed them probably to adopt and innovation4. consequences for individuals and society for adopting an innovation and5. communication channels employ in the adoption process (Kotler, 2010)According to this speculation, the innovators and early majority exist an estimated 15% of the population and are regarded as important as opinion leaders in the diffusion curve. Another important implication which this theory provides is that it is of no use of convincing the mass market in one go at the very beginning spending heavily on marketing and advertising. hence the implication this provides for firms like Sole-Run is to establish the characteristics of the first two types of groups in other words, the innovators and the early adopters and to focus the marketing communication whence as according to this process there is always some consumers who would like to take risk and purchase the new products. This model shows the diffusion of new products as a chain reaction on influence surrounded by pioneering consumers and the mass market.2.2. ADOPTION PROCESS MODEL The adoption model which is also called the AIETA model will help Sole-Run to identify the new product adoption process of consumers within the sports-fashion trainer market. This model suggests on how to help consumers move by the stages of purchasing especially new products. Adoption normally in this context applies to the new products. Kotler and Armstrong (2010) defined the adoption process as the genial process though which an individual passes from first learning about an innovation to final adoption.Consumers before purchasing new products will go finished a five stage process which if successful will lead to adoption of product s where adoption is the decision by an individual consumer to become a regular user of the product.1. Attention also known as knowingness is where the consumer becomes aware of the new product but lacks information about it.2. cheer in this stage the consumer will seek information about the new product3. Evaluation with the information the consumer received the consumer will consider whether or not to try the product4. Trial here the consumer tries the product for the first time to improve the estimate of its value5. Adoption finally the consumer decides to make full and regular use of the new productAccording to this model, adoption comes at the end of the process finished which an individual consumer may go from initial awareness through to adoption at which point the consumer becomes a regular user of the product. Here, Sole-Run should identify the product characteristics that will affect the provision of the targeted potential consumers to adopt the product in other word s the quaint characteristics of its sports-fashions trainers. The product characteristics would include relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, divisibility, and communicability. On the other hand the product characteristics would not include the other aspects of the marketing mix such as price and promotions though these may also affect the rate of consumer adoption.TASK 3- EFFECTS OF COMMUNICATION TO INFLUENCE FIRST BUYERSIt is essential that Sole-Run pleases the initial buyers of its trainers by providing justifiedly information with effective communication that will lead to make a purchase as they will in-turn influence many later(prenominal) customers marque choices. This can be especially true among the targeted market of teenagers due to network externalities.3.1. THE DECISION fashioning PROCESSBefore purchasing a product, consumers generally go through a process called the decision making process which needs to be identified by Sole-Run in order to come up with a better communication strategy especially for the first time buyers as the decision making process can be influenced by the personal, social, cultural and psychological factors as substantially as by the marketing mix variables and situational factors.1. Need recognition this is the first stage of the buyer decision process where the consumers recognise a need or identify a problem. This can be triggered by internal or external stimuli.2. Search for information in this stage the consumer is aroused to search for more information where the consumers will tend to obtain information from dissimilar sources such as personal through family and friends, commercial advertisements, mass media, and experiential sources.3. Evaluation of alternatives here the consumers will use information gathered to assess between alternative crosss in among the chosen ones.4. Purchase decision the consumers decisions about which brand to purchase will be make at theis stage. However, two factors c an come in-between the purchase intention and the veridical purchase decision. The first being the attitude of others such as friends and family, and the other being unexpected situational factors such as sudden economic downturns.5. Post purchase evaluation the final stage of the buyer decision process in which consumers take further action after purchase based on their satisfaction or dissatisfaction. If the product is not up to the expected standards of the consumer than cognitive dissonance may occur.The decision making process shows that the buying process clearly starts long before the actual purchase and continues long after that where Sole-Run will need to focus on the entire buying process rather than focusing on just the purchasing decision when culmination up with communication strategies to influence first time buyers.3.2. THE DECISION MAKING UNITOn the other hand, many decisions consumers make had been either do for example in the case of youngsters or influenced by one or more parties. This is collectively known as the decision making unit which consist of 5 different roles of people consisting of an initiator, influencer, decider, financier, buyer and user.Initiators are those who novice the idea of making the purchasing decision where influencers are the people who, because of their expertise, set the specification of what is to be bought. On the other hand, deciders are those who make the actual buying decision with financiers making the purchase, and buyers processing the purchase orders and users actually using the product bought. While there can be few people playing different roles in the buyer process as well as none among a particular consumer, it is essential that Sole-Run communicate the right information and provides the expected value to the consumers who are first time buyers.3.3. incorporate MARKETING COMMUNICATIONAs identified above the different kinds of information that are needed to influence the first time buyers as well as the people who will affect the purchasing decision of consumers, Sole-Run can adopt a intergrated marketing communication strategy where through different communication channels the company can effectively target individually personnel involved in the decision making unit while providing the information for the decision making process of the targeted consumers. Thus, this marketing communication strategy will allow Sole-Run to have individual personalised and tailor made communication among the targeted consumer groups.TASK 4- CUSTOMER ATTRACTION AND CUSTOMER LOYALTY4.1. DIFFICULTIES ASSOCIATED WITH CUSTOMERS DEFECTING FROM other BRAND TO THE SOLE-RUN BRANDSole-Run should take into account the type of buying behaviour of its targeted market as this highly affects the marketing mix decisions. On the other hand the buyer behaviour differs greatly for different types of products and services. The psychological theories of buyer behaviour differentiate consumer behaviour emphasisi ng the environment which is the behavioural approach and the consumer behaviour emphasising mental processes called as cognitive approach. Mainly, there are four types of buying behaviour based on a buyers involvement and the comprehend differences among brands.1. hard buying is where the level of involvement is high with high degree of perceived difference among brands. While this behaviour is tend to be cognitive in nature the involvement arises from uncertainty of product quality, high price, and personal factors such as self image, value and needs.2. Dissonance buying which high in involvement and low in perceived brand difference tends to be cognitive and behavioural in nature mainly associated with risky, infrequent and pricy purchasing.3. Habitual buying has a low consumer involvement with little brand difference and less price sensitive. This tends to be more of behavioural.4. Variety seeking which is more cognitive has a low involvement purchase but significant differenc e in brands. In this situation consumers, if curious about a new brand or dissatisfied with the product choice, will engage in switching to another brand easily.The differences of buyer behaviour will largely reflect on the information and communication needs of potential buyers and the best means, in each case, of meeting these needs with respect to communicated messages and media by Sole-Run.According to the types of buyer behaviour, it can be said that purchases with regards to sports-fashion wear tends to be more variety seeking where customer are highly wedded to a brands perceived difference. Thus in order to get consumers using brands such as Nike or Adidas to purchase Sole-Run, the company should create a unique selling proposition targeting comfort of the trainers and positioning as a brand which provides the same comfort level as the reward brands but for a much low price. This can be through with(p) through means of proper marketing communication strategies which will help consumers differentiate the brand as opposed to competitor brands employing more cognitive approaches to its marketing and advertising. Hence, Sole-Run should also draw strategies to retain these customers by offering better service for the value.4.2. RETRAINING CUSTOMERS THROUGH CUSTOMER LOYALTYAfter successfully attracting customers to purchase Sole-Runs sports-fashion trainers, the company should also then put efforts for retraining the customers with differentiate marketing strategies.Sole-Run can develop allegiant customers if the company is able to successfully influence the variety seeking consumers in the market to purchase its brand and to become habitual buyers by positioning itself in the consumers mind through means of effective marketing communication as then the customers will addicted to buy trainers from the brand Sole-Run. This can be done through marketing strategies that passively communicates information as they watch television or surf the internet where unconscious advertising repetition will create familiarity, which often translates into a brand purchase when the consumer in deciding which brand to buy (Ali Gomez, 2009). As this is pure behavioural decision making, Sole-Run can focus its advertising on classical conditioning in which the potential buyers can identify the products by a single symbol repeatedly attached to it (Ali Gomez, 2009). Thus, this will not only help Sole-Run to increase sales from its loyal consumers but will also help to gain market parcel in the largest market.In order to retrain its loyal customers Sole Run should mainly engage in customer relationship marketing as research has found that it is five times costlier to attract a new customer than maintaining an existing customer and loyal customers mean repeat purchases. Thus loyal customers are a powerful source of marketing the companys brand identity through recommendations and word of mouth especially within the target market of teenagers creating p ositive impact of the brand Sole-Run. Although relationship marketing does not correspond to a specific set of techniques it does emphasise the need to build a continuous, strong and mutually beneficial relationship between the buyers and Sole-Run which is retained even in periods that any purchase is not in the process.Further, through loyalty marketing, Sole-Run can also increase customers life time value in the long run as it is said that especially teenagers purchase trainers to match their clothing and outfits and if they become habitual buyers of Sole-Run they will be stick around to the brand throughout their life as a partner.CONCLUSIONIt was identified that although Sole-Run entered the sportswear market at a later stage, there is a high market potential in the sports-fashion trainers with the increase of purchase by teenagers and consumers with high disposable income. Hence it is recommended that in order to increase its market share in the highly competitive industry, S ole-Run should also target the sports-fashion trainers market with a right marketing and communication strategy. Given the research findings that consumers do not wish to pay premium prices for trainers, Sole-Run can position its trainers as providing the same comfort level the consumers expect for a lower price than of the market leaders. This will in-turn help Sole-Run not only to increase its sales in the trainers but also its overall market share in the industry by capturing the largest market in sportswear.

Race Relations :: essays research papers

1Race Relations and groundbreaking Church-State RelationsThomas C. Berg*This article concerns religion and race two contr everywheresialsubjects that have figured prominently in Americas underlyingand political debates since World War II. In particular, I coveting totrace some connections in the last 50 years amongst developmentsin church- call forth relations and developments in race relations.Recently scholars of the First Amendments righteousness Clauses haveshown interest in how the Supreme coquettes modern decisions onthat subject might have been influenced by the political, social, and cultural context of recent decades such factors as the changingattitudes toward Roman Catholicism,1 the elevate of secularism inculture,2 the position of religious minorities,3 and so forth. Likesome of that different work, this Article traces the course of churchstaterelations not only in the Court itself, but in the broadersociety.It would hardly be surprising if developments concern ingchurch and state in the last 50 years interacted with developmentsin the area of race, since the last mentioned have been so central to* Professor of rightfulness, University of St. Thomas School of Law (Minneapolis). Ipresented portions of the material here at the Boston College Law inspectionSymposium on Separation of Church and State, in April 2002 at a Federalist auberge program on Faith Under Democracy, in March 2002 at a summer2001 symposium on Spirituality and Social Justice, sponsored by a grant fromthe Lilly Endowment and to a fall 2001 meeting of the Colloquium on Religionand Philosophy at Samford University. I thank David Bains, Hugh Floyd,Penny Marler, OTHERS, and the participants in those sessions for theircomments on the various versions of the paper.1See, e.g., John C. Jeffries, Jr., and James A. Ryan, A Political History of the ecesis Clause, 100 Mich. L. Rev. 279 (2001) Thomas C. Berg, Anti-Catholicism and Modern Church-State Relations, 33 Loyola U-Chi. L. Rev . 121(2001) Douglas Laycock, The Underlying star of Separation and Neutrality,46 Emory L. J. 43, __-__ (1997).2See George W. Dent, Jr., Secularism and the Supreme Court, 1999 B.Y.U. L.Rev. 1.3See Stephen M. Feldman, Religion-Clause Revisionism Minorities and theDevelopment of Religious Freedom (unpublished draft, on file with author).2constitutional law and moral-political debate from theconstitutional victor of Brown v. Board of Education4 to themoral-political triumph of the civil rights movement to the currentconflicts over how to define and achieve racial justice.The central story in church-state relations in the last 50years has been the rise of a reasonably strict separation of church andstate as the overriding constitutional and moral exalted in the 1960sand 1970s, and the partial decline of that ideal from the 1980s

William Goldman :: essays papers

William GoldmanTime comes and goes. We see it as it is and as it has been. To the eyes of William Goldman, age is the spirit and soul. His books has been all time suspense. I had the privilege of becoming one of his followers in literature. The endurance contest Man and Brothers, are two of his best works. At the end of this literature exploration I learned a little more round life. The Marathon Man had a strong substance suspense, drama, and action were collar of the elements that made this book a best seller. Not falling furthermost behind a nonher of his works, Brothers, is an inspirational story that will break your heart. Its an interesting page-turner that will t individually you a little about life.I will also disclose some of the literary form of each of the books. Brothers, and Marathon Man, each consisted mostly of irony and unexpected situations. Suspense was the observe on every page. Something different was always happening knowing what was per tidingsnel casua lty to come next was unexpected. When reading you would anticipate what was going to happen simply would find htat the opposite was the outcome. The author, William Goldman, had a way of (something) your brain and convincing you that on the next page you would read what you thought had been foreshadowed.. To your surprise another occupation would occur. The next page wasnt the solution but part of it. The meaning of his books was more than a simple one, it was a small part of William Goldmans life.Goldmans life was very interesting. He was 29 when his first son died at the age of three. Goldman was not a man of power and he never held a place in high society. His set out was the proprietor of a small farm in a small town in Ohio. He was a farmer boy without any instruction when he started to read his first book, A Small World. There is not much information about William Goldman, but the little information there is, is very specific. Goldmans son, James Goldman, wrote a littl e about his father and his life in the book, A Small Memorial.Other novels by William Goldman are, The temple of Gold, Your Turn to Curtsy, My Turn to Bow, Soldier in the Rain, Boys and Girls Together, No Way to serve a Lady, The Thing of it is, Fathers Day, and The Princess Bride.

Hurricanes Essay -- essays research papers fc

HurricanesHurricanes summer is over and evanesce has arrived but many people to the south of us atomic number 18 detect another season hurricane season. According to the Montshire Museum of Science, hurricanes usually occur in the newton Atlantic from June to November, with most of them in September. On average, between six to eighter hurricanes form in the brotherhood Atlantic or North peaceable each year (Montshire), however, as many as 15 watch occurred in the Atlantic in a single year. Hurricanes are powerful, revolve storms that measure several hundred miles in diameter. The plaits near the center of a hurricane blow at speeds of 74 miles per hour or more (World Book, 400). umteen hurricanes leave a trail of widespread death and destruction. The definition of a hurricane, according to World Book Encyclopedia, is an area of low pressure that forms over oceans in tropical regions. Such a storm in the North pacific Ocean is called a typhoon, and one in the South Pacif ic or Indian Ocean is called a cyclone. Most hurricanes originate inwardly the doldrums, a narrow equatorial belt characterized by intermittent calms, lightly variable breezes, frequent squalls, and lying between the northeast and southeast deal out winds (Encarta). Hurricanes consist of high-velocity winds blowing circularly around a low-pressure center, cognize as the eye of the storm. The low-pressure center develops when the warm, saturated air predominate in the doldrums is under run and forced upward by denser, cooler air. From the edge of the storm toward its center, the atmospheric pressure drops sharply and the wind velocity rises. The winds attain maximum force close to the point of last(a) pressure. Encarta Encyclopedia states that hurricanes generally move in a path resembling the cut down of a parabola. Also, that in the Northern Hemisphere the storms usually travel outset in a northwesterly direction and in the higher latitudes daily round toward the northeast . In the Southern Hemisphere the usual path of the hurricane is initially to the south-west and subsequently to the southeast. Hurricanes travel at varying rates. Those areas in which the hurricane winds blow in the same direction as the general movement of the storm are subjected to the maximum destructive violence of the hurricane. According to the research team at Storm Central, hurricanes go through a set of stages from birth to dissipation. equatorial disturbance ... ... of friends and loved ones, etc. Much advancement has been made over the years to forewarn potential victims of these horrendous storms. Hurricanes are an act of temper that no one can ever control. As long as there are bodies of water, wind, and warm air, we will still be inquisitive for the perfect warning system for those on the coast. We just support to be thankful that technological advancements have brought us thus far, now we have only the future and further experimentation to look forward to. Bibli ography whole works Cited Why hurricanes form over warm oceans USA Today abide http//www.usatoday.com/weather/whur7.htm, 11/4/99 Montshire Minute Hurricanes Montshire Museum of Science http//www.montshire.net/ second gear/mm99027.html, 11/6/99 How are Atlantic hurricanes ranked? Hurricanes 99 http//www.hurricanes99.com/huricanesSSS.html, 11/10/99 What are Hurricanes? Hurricanes 99 http//www.hurricanes99.com/FAQ.html, 11/10/99Hurricane Stages of Development Storm Central http//www.stormsearch.com/stages, 11/11/99Hurricanes Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 98 Microsoft, 1993-1997 Hurricanes World Book Encyclopedia World Book-Childcraft global Inc. Volume 9 400-403.